考虑配置储能系统的电动公交充电站充放电调度策略

doi:10.15960/j.cnki.issn.1007-6093.2023.02.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对电动公交充电站无序充电情况下造成的电网负荷压力大、充电运营成本高等管理难点，提出了一种考虑配置储能系统的电动公交充电站充放电调度策略。首先，以充电站每日充放电总成本最小为目标，建立了混合整数规划充放电调度模型，对电动公交的充电行为以及储能设备的充放电行为进行协同调度，并对储能设备的容量规划进行优化决策和敏感性分析。其次，在进行充电调度时充分考虑车载锂电池的非线性充电特性，采用分段线性函数近似方法描述电池荷电状态（State of Charge，SOC）的变化曲线。最后，基于成都市某电动公交充电站的历史行程和充电数据进行模型验证和案例数值分析。结果表明，所提出的储能设备配置方案和相应的充放电调度策略可以有效降低充电站运营总成本，缓解电网负荷压力，减缓电池寿命衰减，从而提高电动公交充电管理经济性和电网稳定性。

关键词: 电动公交, 储能系统, 充电站, 充电调度, 非线性充电函数

Abstract:

A charging and discharging scheduling strategy for electric bus charging station considering the configuration of energy storage system is proposed to address the management difficulties of high load pressure and high charging operation cost caused by disorderly charging at electric bus charging station. Firstly, a mixed integer programming model is established to minimize the overall daily cost of the charging station and to coordinate the charging of the electric bus and the charging and discharging of the energy storage system. The capacity of energy storage system is optimized and sensitivity analysis is performed. Secondly, the nonlinear charging characteristic of the onboard lithium battery is fully considered and the piecewise linear approximation method is used to describe the charging profile of battery SOC. Finally, model verification and case study are made based on the historical travel and charging records of an electric bus charging station in Chengdu. The findings demonstrate that the suggested charging scheduling strategy can successfully lower the overall cost of the charging station, ease load pressure of the grid, prolong the life of the lithium battery and enhance the economy of bus charging management and power grid stability.

Key words: electric bus, energy storage system, charging station, charging scheduling, nonlinear charging function

中图分类号:

O221.2

徐薇, 黄悦丰, 陈彩华. 考虑配置储能系统的电动公交充电站充放电调度策略[J]. 运筹学学报, 2023, 27(2): 95-109.

Wei XU, Yuefeng HUANG, Caihua CHEN. Charging and discharging scheduling for electric bus charging station with energy storage system[J]. Operations Research Transactions, 2023, 27(2): 95-109.

图/表 13

图1

表1

变量与参数表"

符号	含义	符号	含义
决策变量		$ P_{\operatorname{max}} $	电网允许的最大功率
$ d_m(t) \in \{0, 1\} $	公交$ m $在时段$ t $是否充电, 1为充电	$ P^{{\rm{ESS}}, C}_{\operatorname{max}} $	ESS的最大充电功率
$ Ch_m(t) $	公交$ m $在时段$ t $的充电量	$ P^{{\rm{ESS}}, D}_{\operatorname{max}} $	$ \rm ESS $的最大放电功率
$ E_{\rm{cap}}^{{\rm{ESS}}} $	ESS的规划容量	$ \eta_{C} ^ {{\rm{ESS}}} $	ESS的充电效率
$ P^{{\rm{ESS}}, G}(t) $	ESS在时段$ t $向电网放电的功率	$ \eta_{D} ^ {ESS} $	ESS的放电效率
$ P^{{\rm{ESS}}, C}(t) $	ESS在时段$ t $向充电桩放电的功率	$ E^{{\rm{ESS}}}(t) $	ESS在时段$ t $的容量
$ P^{G, {\rm{ESS}}}(t) $	ESS在时段$ t $从电网充电的功率	$ d_{D} $	最大放电深度
$ P^{G, C}(t) $	充电桩在时段$ t $从电网充电的功率	$ \Delta P^{{\rm{ESS}}}(t) $	每个时段的功率变化量
参数与其他变量		$ {\rm{SOC}}_m(t) $	公交$ m $在时段$ t $开始时的SOC水平
$ M $	电动公交集合	$ {\rm{SOC}}_{\operatorname{min}} $	车辆SOC允许的最小值
$ N $	充电桩集合	$ {\rm{SOC}}_{\operatorname{max}} $	车辆SOC允许的最大值
$ T $	时段集合	$ P^{C, EB}(t) $	时段$ t $电动公交的充电功率
$ R $	非线性充电函数割线集合	$ E_{m}(t) $	公交$ m $在时段$ t $的行程能耗
$ m $	电动公交序号	$ u_{m}(t) \in \{0, 1\} $	公交$ m $在时段$ t $的开始充电标志变量
$ t $	时段	$ v_{m}(t) \in \{0, 1\} $	公交$ m $在时段$ t $的结束充电标志变量
$ \Delta t $	时段长度	$ k^r $	充电函数第$ r $段割线的斜率
$ r $	非线性充电函数割线	$ b^r $	充电函数第$ r $段割线的截距
$ \eta_{m} $	公交$ m $的电能转换系数	$ z^r \in \{0, 1\} $	是否满足割线$ r $
$ i $	公交的行程次数	$ h_{m}(t) $	在选定的充电速率下充到当前SOC
$ T_{m, i}^s $	公交$ m $第$ i $次行程的开始时段		需要花费的时间
$ T_{m, i}^e $	公交$ m $第$ i $次行程的结束时段	$ P_{s}(t) $	时段$ t $向电网售电的功率
$ \pi_{b}(t) $	时段$ t $的购电分时电价	$ P_{b}(t) $	时段$ t $从电网购电的功率
$ \pi_{s}(t) $	时段$ t $的售电分时电价	$ \alpha $	贴现率
$ C(t) \in \{0, 1\} $	ESS充电标志变量	$ l $	ESS的寿命周期
$ D(t) \in \{0, 1\} $	ESS放电标志变量	$ \pi_{\rm cap}^{{\rm{ESS}}} $	ESS的单位容量成本

表1

图2

表2

表3

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

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时段	电价/(元$ \cdot $kW$ \cdot $h$ ^{-1} $)
00:00—8:00	0.327 2
8:00—10:00	0.611 7
12:00—18:00
22:00—24:00
10:00—12:00	1.049
18:00—22:00	1.049

最大充放电功率/kW	充放电效率	最大放电深度/%	单位容量成本/(元$ \cdot $kW$ \cdot $h$ ^{-1} $)
200	0.95	70%	2 000

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